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| c. 450 BC |
| | | Empedocles states that all matter is made up of four elemental substances - earth, fire, air and water | |
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| c. 450 BC |
| | | The followers of Pythagoras maintain that the earth revolves on its own axis and moves in an orbit | |
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| c. 420 BC |
| | | The Greek philosopher Democritus declares that matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | Hippocrates, on the Greek island of Kos, founds an influential school of medicine | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | A Greek text, attributed to Polybus, argues that the human body is composed of four humours | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | Eudoxus of Cnidus proposes the concept of transparent spheres supporting the bodies visible in the heavens | |
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| c. 330 BC |
| | | Aristotle tackles wide-ranging subjects on a systematic basis, leaving to his successors an encyclopedia of contemporary thought | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | | The Greek author Theophrastus writes On the History of Plants, the earliest surviving work on botany | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | | Epicurus postulates a universe of indestructible atoms in which man himself is responsible for achieving a balanced life | |
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| c. 270 BC |
| | | On the small Greek island of Samos an astronomer, Aristarchus, comes to the startling conclusion that the earth is in orbit round the sun | |
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